Food Chemistry, Engineering, Processing and Packaging
Public Health Nutrition Policy & Economics
Functional and Novel Foods
Efficacy of Moringa Soy Milk as a Food-Based Intervention on Hemoglobin Levels in Anemic Pregnant Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Gorontalo, Indonesia
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Submitted
July 25, 2025
Published
November 7, 2025
Keywords:
-
Moringa Soy Milk, Hemoglobin, Pregnant Women, Anemia, Food Intervention
Abstract
Background: Anemia remains a global health challenge, significantly contributing to adverse maternal and obstetric outcomes. Worldwide, its prevalence stands at 37%, rising to 48.9% in Indonesia according to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates. This study investigates the utilization of Moringa Soy Milk —an innovative, nutrient-dense intervention rich in iron, protein, vitamin C, and antioxidants—as a therapeutic strategy to address this public health issue.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Moringa soymilk supplementation, when administered concurrently with standard iron-folic acid, on improving hemoglobin (Hb) levels in pregnant women diagnosed with anemia.
Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample comprised 66 pregnant women with anemia who were randomly divided into two groups of 33 respondents each. The intervention group received 250 mL of Moringa soymilk consumed once daily in the morning, along with a 60 mg iron-folic acid tablet administered at night, over a 30-day period. The control group received local supplementary food (such as sweet potatoes, bananas, or mung bean porridge), and the identical 60 mg iron-folic acid tablet nightly for 30 days. Hemoglobin levels were measured using a Nihon Kohden Celltac Alpha MEK-6510 hematology analyzer. Data analysis utilized paired t-tests to assess changes within groups and independent t-tests to compare the mean changes between the groups.
Results: Baseline characteristics across the two groups—including age, education, occupation, parity, gestational age, and socioeconomic status —were found to be statistically homogeneous (p > 0.05). Prior to the intervention, the mean Hb level was 9.69 ± 0.69 g/dL in the intervention group and 9.70 ± 0.69 g/dL in the control group. Following the 30-day intervention period, the mean Hb level increased to 10.61 ± 0.38 g/dL in the intervention group and 10.44 ± 0.29 g/dL in the control group. The mean increase in the intervention group was 1.03 g/dL, which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Similarly, the control group exhibited a mean increase of 0.73 g/dL, which was also statistically significant (p = 0.001). Crucially, the mean difference in the increase of Hb levels between the intervention and control groups was significantly higher in the intervention group (p = 0.047 < 0.05).
Conclusion: The combined intervention of Moringa soymilk and standard iron supplementation yielded a significantly increased in hemoglobin levels and was statistically more effective than the administration of local supplementary food alongside iron supplement tablets. The findings of the present investigation support the integration of Moringa Soy Milk as an efficacious complementary dietary intervention for managing anemia in pregnant women
Keywords: Moringa Soy Milk; Hemoglobin; Pregnant Women; Anemia; Food Intervention.
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References
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Carpenter, R. M., Billah, S. M., Lyons, G. R., Siraj, M. S., Rahman, Q. S., Thorsten, V., McClure, E. M., Haque, R., & Petri, W. A. (2022). U-Shaped Relationship between Maternal Hemoglobin Levels and Low Birth Weight in Rural Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 106(2), 424-431. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0268
Dewi, G. K., Istianah, I., & Septiani, S. (2022). Analisis Risiko Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan (JIKA), 4(1), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.36590/jika.v4i1.223
Fondjo, L. A., Addai-Mensah, O., Annani-Akollor, M. E., Quarshie, J. T., Boateng, A. A., Assafuah, S. E., & Owiredu, E. W. (2020). A multicenter study of the prevalence and risk factors for malaria and anemia among pregnant women during their first antenatal visit in Ghana. PLoS ONE, 15 (August 8, 2020), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238077
Fondjo, L. A., Tashie, W., Owiredu, W. K. B. A., Adu-Gyamfi, E. A., & Seidu, L. (2021). High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among normotensive and hypertensive pregnant women in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth,21(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03802-9
Gerb, J., Strauss, W., Derman, R., Short, V., Mendelson, B., Bahrain, H., & Auerbach, M. (2021). Ferumoxytol for the treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Therapeutic Advances in Hematology,12, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/20406207211018042
Govender, L., & Siwela, M. (2020). The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on the physical quality, nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of white and brown breads. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 9(12), 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121910
Govender, L., & Siwela, M. (2020). Effect of Moringa oleifera (Moringa oleifera) leaf flour on physical quality, nutritional composition, and consumer acceptability of white bread and brown bread. Food, 9 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121910
Herman-Lara, E., Rodríguez-Miranda, J., Ávila-Manrique, S., Dorado-López, C., Villalva, M., Jaime, L., Santoyo, S., & Martínez-Sánchez, C. E. (2024). In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and bioaccessibility of ethanolic extracts from Mexican Moringa oleifera leaf. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 13(17), 2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172709
Igbinosa, I., Berube, C., & Lyell, D. J. (2022). Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 34(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000772
Jefferds, M. E. D., Mei, Z., Addo, Y., & Hamner, H. C., Perrine, C. G., Flores-Ayala, R., Pfeiffer, C. M., & Sharma, A. J. (2022). Iron deficiency in the United States: Guidelines, Data, and Gap Monitoring Limitations. American Journal of Public Health, 112, S826-S835. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306998
John, G. E., Okpo, E. A., Akpanke, J., Okoro, C. U., Omang, P. A., & Lennox, J. A. (2023). Microbiological quality and proximate analysis of locally produced soymilk drinks sold in Calabar Metropolis; a public health assessment. African Health Sciences, 23(3), 758–763. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v23i3.87
Kabir, M. A., Rahman, M. M., & Khan, M. N. (2022). Maternal anemia and risk of poor maternal health and birth outcomes in Bangladesh: A nationwide population-based survey. PLoS ONE, 17 (December 12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277654
Kalam, E. M., Mohd Noor, N., Ishak, A., & Mohd Yusoff, S. S. (2024). Moringa oleifera supplementation for anemic pregnant women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 23(3), 597–609. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v23i3.75014
Kang, J. H., Dong, Z., & Shin, S. H. (2023). Benefits of Soy in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review of Clinical Evidence. 33(12), 1552-1562. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2308.08016
Kare, A. P., & Gujo, A. B. (2021). Anemia among pregnant women attending ante natal care clinic in Adare General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: Prevalence and associated factors. Health Services Insights, 14, 11786329211036303. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329211036303
Lei, L., Liu, S., Ye, Y., Qiu, X., Huang, D., Pan, D., Chen, J., Qian, Z., McMillin, S. E., Vaughn, M. G., Luo, X., Wu, K., Xiao, S., Li, J., Liu, M., Yang, Y., Lai, M., Dong, G., & Zeng, X. (2021). Association between serum aflatoxin-b1 and anemia in pregnant women: Evidence from the Guangxi Zhuang birth cohort in China. Toxins,13 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110806
Loa, M., Hidayanty, H., Arifuddin, S., Ahmad, M., & Hadju, V. (2021). Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf flour biscuits increase erythrocyte index in pregnant women with anemia. In Gaceta Sanitaria (Vol. 35). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.022
Mahadik, K., Choudhary, P., & Roy, P. K. (2020). Study of thyroid function in pregnancy and feto-maternal outcome: A prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth,20(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03448-z
Manggul, M. S., Hidayanty, H., Arifuddin, S., Ahmad, M., Hadju, V., & Usman, A. N. (2021). Biscuits containing Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf flour can improve anemia in pregnant women. In Gaceta Sanitaria (Vol. 35). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.07.013
Matabura, V. V., & Rweyemamu, L. M. P. (2022). Formulation of plant-based food and characterisation of the nutritional composition: A case study on soy-moringa beverage. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(10), 3794–3805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05397-1
Mbunga, B. K., Mapatano, M. A., Strand, T. A., Gjengedal, E. L. F., Akilimali, P. Z., & Engebretsen, I. M. S. (2021). Prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and associated factors among children aged 1-5 years in malaria-endemic rural areas of Popokabaka, Democratic Republic of Congo: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients,13(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13031010
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Authors
Cholifah, Veni Hadju, Mardiana Ahmad, Suryani As’ad, & Jumrah. (2025). Efficacy of Moringa Soy Milk as a Food-Based Intervention on Hemoglobin Levels in Anemic Pregnant Women: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Gorontalo, Indonesia. The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 9(20), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.9.20.236-248
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