Nutritional and Bioactive Profile of Gitumon: An Indonesian Traditional Herbal Beverage

Mohammad Arif Ali (1) , Dewi Marfu’ah Kurniawati (2) , Etika Ratna Noer (3) , Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma (4) , Setya Rahayu (5) , Gustiana Mega Anggita (6) , Zahrah Zakiya Ahda (7) , Ani Mazlina Dewi Mohamed (8) , Phyo Min Zaw (9) , Hendi Susanto (10) , Azkia Agustina (11)
(1) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia. Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Pr. 506 (Preclinic Building), Rama 6 Rd., Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400. , Thailand
(2) Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science , Jl. Prof. Sudarto, Tembalang, Semarang City, 50275. Indonesia , Indonesia
(3) Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof. Sudarto, Tembalang, Semarang City, 50275. Indonesia , Indonesia
(4) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia , Indonesia
(5) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia , Indonesia
(6) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia , Indonesia
(7) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia , Indonesia
(8) Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical and Health Education, Aras 5 & 7, Bangunan FSK 1, 5 Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 42300 , Malaysia
(9) Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmacology, Pr. 506 (Preclinic Building), Rama 6 Rd., Ratchathewi District, Bangkok 10400, Thailand , Thailand
(10) Universitas Negeri Semarang, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Sports Science, Gedung F1 Lantai 01, FIK UNNES, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang City, 50229. Indonesia , Indonesia
(11) Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Jl. Kedungmundu Raya No. 18, Semarang City, 50273. Indonesia , Indonesia

Abstract

Background: In regions with limited access to or expensive conventional medical facilities, herbal remedies frequently serve as crucial healthcare alternatives. represents an innovative blend derived from two renowned traditional Indonesian Jamu preparations, Kunyit Asam and Jamu Jahe, enhanced with a subtle cinnamon flavor. Previous studies into Gitumon have primarily focused on its potential hepatoprotective, blood glucose-regulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the specific ingredients and preparation methods inherently influence its nutritional value.


Aims: This study aimed to thoroughly characterize the nutrient content of Gitumon, including its energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber composition, as well as the levels of key vitamins such as β-carotene and ascorbic acid, and minerals including iron and zinc. Furthermore, the study sought to quantify its curcumin content and assess its antioxidant activity.


Methods: All analytical techniques and measurements adhered to the guidelines established by Chem-Mix Pratama Laboratory. Specifically, the gravimetric method was employed for ash and moisture determination; the Soxhlet technique for fat extraction; the Kjeldahl method for protein quantification; the by-difference method for carbohydrate estimation; and multi-enzyme complexes for fiber analysis. Total energy content was calculated using Atwater factors. Ascorbic acid levels were determined via iodometric titration. Iron, zinc, β-carotene, and curcumin concentrations were measured using spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay, with results expressed as IC50 values. Descriptive statistical analysis techniques were applied to all generated data to identify the main features of the dataset.


Results:  In each 250 mL serving, all tested varieties of Gitumon provided over 100 kcal of energy. Gitumon samples also exhibited high concentrations of vitamin C (exceeding 100 mg/100 g), iron (greater than 3.6 mg/serving), and curcumin (above 20 mg/serving). Zinc levels were found to be below 10 mg/kg. Conversely, the concentrations of β-Carotene (less than 200 μg/100 g) and DPPH antioxidant scavenging activity (IC50 value exceeding 100 ppm) were found to be negligible.


Conclusions:  Gitumon emerges as a noteworthy beverage with a remarkably high content of vitamin C, iron, zinc, and curcumin. Nevertheless, further antioxidant assays are necessary to evaluate and confirm the potential health benefits attributable to the substantial presence of curcumin in Gitumons.


Keywords: Calorie Intake; Functional Food; Jamu; Micro Nutrients; Traditional Medicine.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Adhawati, N., & Jatmiko, Y. D. (2023). Evaluation of jamu kunyit asam (Curcuma domestica Val. - Tama-rindus indica L.) as probiotic carrier of Lactobacillus plantarum BP102. International Food Research Jour-nal, 30(5), 1274–1284. https://doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.5.15
Alabidi, H. M., Farhan, A. M., & Al-Rufaie, M. M. (2021). Spectrophotometric determination of zn(II) in pharmaceutical formulation using a new azo reagent as derivative of 2-naphthol. Current Applied Science and Technology, 21(1), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.14456/cast.2021.17
Al-Shaar, L., Vercammen, K., Lu, C., Richardson, S., Tamez, M., & Mattei, J. (2017). Health effects and public health concerns of energy drink consumption in the United States: A mini-review. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00225
Ansari, S., Maftoon-Azad, N., Farahnaky, A., Hosseini, E., & Badii, F. (2014). Effect of moisture content on textural attributes of dried figs. International Agrophysics, 28(4), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0031
Arcaro, C. A., Gutierres, V. O., Assis, R. P., Moreira, T. F., Costa, P. I., Baviera, A. M., & Brunetti, I. L. (2014). Piperine, a natural bioenhancer, nullifies the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of curcumin in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. PLoS ONE, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113993
Bailey, R. L., Saldanha, L. G., Gahche, J. J., & Dwyer, J. T. (2014). Estimating caffeine intake from energy drinks and dietary supplements in the United States. Nutrition Reviews, 72(S1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12138
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., & Chang, C. M. (2022). Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041326
Balkrishna, A., Sharma, N., Srivastava, D., Kukreti, A., Srivastava, S., & Arya, V. (2024). Exploring the Safety, Efficacy, and Bioactivity of Herbal Medicines: Bridging Traditional Wisdom and Modern Science in Healthcare. Future Integrative Medicine, 3(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.14218/fim.2023.00086
Ballester, P., Cerdá, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., & Zafrilla, P. (2022). Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 27(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217223
Bischoff-Kont, I., & Fürst, R. (2021). Benefits of ginger and its constituent 6-shogaol in inhibiting in-flammatory processes. Pharmaceuticals, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14060571
Carazo, A., Macáková, K., Matoušová, K., Krčmová, L. K., Protti, M., & Mladěnka, P. (2021). Vitamin a update: Forms, sources, kinetics, detection, function, deficiency, therapeutic use and toxicity. Nu-trients, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051703
Casas-Grajales, S. (2015). Antioxidants in liver health. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(3), 59. https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.59
Elfahmi, Woerdenbag, H. J., & Kayser, O. (2014). Jamu: Indonesian traditional herbal medicine towards rational phytopharmacological use. In Journal of Herbal Medicine (Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 51–73). Urban und Fischer Verlag GmbH und Co. KG. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2014.01.002
Fardet, A. (2010). New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: What is beyond fibre? Nutrition Research Reviews, 23(1), 65–134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000041
Fischer, A., Brodziak-Dopierała, B., Mońka, I., Loska, K., & Stojko, J. (2021). Dietary supplements as ad-ditional sources of zinc in the human organism. Farmacia, 69(2), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2021.2.18
Forde, C. G., & de Graaf, K. (2022). Influence of Sensory Properties in Moderating Eating Behaviors and Food Intake. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.841444
Freeland-Graves, J. H., Sachdev, P. K., Binderberger, A. Z., & Sosanya, M. E. (2020). Global diversity of dietary intakes and standards for zinc, iron, and copper. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Bio-logy, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126515
Fujii, J., Osaki, T., & Bo, T. (2022). Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules, 27(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196187
Georgescu, C. V., Gavat, C. C., & Voinescu, D. C. (2019). Iodometric quantitative analysis method of ascorbic acid in tablets. REV.CHIM. (Bucharest), 70(10). http://www.revistadechimie.ro
Guan, Z. W., Yu, E. Z., & Feng, Q. (2021). Soluble dietary fiber, one of the most important nutrients for the gut microbiota. Molecules, 26(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226802
Gupta, S., Brazier, A. K. M., & Lowe, N. M. (2020). Zinc deficiency in low-and middle-income countries: prevalence and approaches for mitigation. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 23(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12791
Hamacek, F. R., Santos, P. R. G., Cardoso, L. D. M., & Pinheiro-Sant’Ana, H. M. (2013). Composition nu-tritionnelle du tamarin (Tamarindus indica L.) du Cerrado brésilien (Minas Gerais, Brésil). Fruits, 68(5), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2013083
Hashimoto, A., & Kambe, T. (2022). Overview of the zinc absorption mechanism for improving zinc nu-trition. Metallomics Research, MR202115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11299/metallomicsresearch.MR202115
Hathcock, J. N., Azzi, A., Blumberg, J., Bray, T., Dickinson, A., Frei, B., Jialal, I., Johnston, C. S., Kelly, F. J., Kraemer, K., Packer, L., Parthasarathy, S., Sies, H., & Traber, M. G. (2005). Vitamins E and C are safe across a broad range of intakes 1,2. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(4), 736–745. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.4.736
Hewlings, S. J., & Kalman, D. S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092
Kempe, K. C., Budd, D., Stern, M., Ellison, J. M., Saari, L. A., Adiletto, C. A., Olin, B., Price, D. A., & Hor-witz, D. L. (2005). Palm Glucose Readings Compared with Fingertip Readings Under Steady and Dynamic Glycemic Conditions, Using the OneTouch ® Ultra ® Blood Glucose Monitoring System. Diabetes Tech-nology & Therapeutics, 7(6). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2005.7.916
Khandouzi, N., Shidfar, F., Rajab, A., Rahideh, T., Hosseini, P., & Taheri, M. M. (2015). The Effects of Ginger on Fasting Blood Sugar, Hemoglobin A1c, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein A-I and Malon-dialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(1), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.22037/IJPR.2015.1632
Lee, S., Choi, Y., Jeong, H. S., Lee, J., & Sung, J. (2018). Effect of different cooking methods on the con-tent of vitamins and true retention in selected vegetables. Food Science and Biotechnology, 27(2), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0281-1
Lesjak, M., & Srai, S. K. S. (2019). Role of dietary flavonoids in iron homeostasis. Pharmaceuticals, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12030119
Levine, M., Wang, Y., Padayatty, S. J., & Morrow, J. (2001). A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 14(17), 9842–9846. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.171318198
Li, N., Zhao, G., Wu, W., Zhang, M., Liu, W., Chen, Q., & Wang, X. (2020). The Efficacy and Safety of Vi-tamin C for Iron Supplementation in Adult Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 3(11), E2023644. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23644
Liang, D., Steinert, C., Bammesberger, S., Tanguy, L., Ernst, A., Zengerle, R., & Koltay, P. (2013). Novel gravimetric measurement technique for quantitative volume calibration in the sub-microliter range. Measurement Science and Technology, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/025301
Lopresti, A. L. (2018). The problem of curcumin and its bioavailability: Could its gastrointestinal influence contribute to its overall health-enhancing effects? Advances in Nutrition, 9(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmx011
Maares, M., & Haase, H. (2020). A guide to human zinc absorption: General overview and recent ad-vances of in vitro intestinal models. Nutrients, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030762
Mai, W., Wang, F., He, S., Wen, Y., Yu, G., Zhang, L., & Dong, H. (2024). Zinc contents in foods and esti-mates of dietary intakes in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1364033
Maywald, M., & Rink, L. (2022). Zinc in Human Health and Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12121748
McCleary, B. V., & McLoughlin, C. (2021). Measurement of available carbohydrates in cereal and cereal products, dairy products, vegetables, fruit, and related food products and animal feeds: first action 2020.07. Journal of AOAC International, 104(6), 1465–1478. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab019
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal Science Technology, 26(2), 211–219.
Moulick, S. P., Jahan, F., Islam, M. B., Bashera, M. Al, Hasan, M. S., Islam, M. J., Ahmed, S., Karmakar, D., Ahmed, F., Saha, T., Dey, S. S., Boby, F., Saha, M., Saha, B. K., & Bhuiyan, M. N. H. (2023). Nutritional characteristics and antiradical activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.) grown in Bangladesh. Heliyon, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21495
Murtini, E. S., & Murdianti, B. S. (2024). Rawon: the black soup delicacy from East Java. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-024-00239-1
Novotny, J. A., Gebauer, S. K., & Baer, D. J. (2012). Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutri-tion, 96(2), 296–301. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.035782
Pagliari, S., Forcella, M., Lonati, E., Sacco, G., Romaniello, F., Rovellini, P., Fusi, P., Palestini, P., Cam-pone, L., Labra, M., Bulbarelli, A., & Bruni, I. (2023). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cin-namon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) Bark Extract after In Vitro Digestion Simulation. Foods, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030452
Piskin, E., Cianciosi, D., Gulec, S., Tomas, M., & Capanoglu, E. (2022). Iron Absorption: Factors, Limita-tions, and Improvement Methods. ACS Omega, 7(24), 20441–20456. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c01833
Rafati Rahimzadeh, M., Kazemi, S., Moghadamnia, A. R., Ghaemi Amiri, M., & Moghadamnia, A. A. (2023). Iron; Benefits or threatens (with emphasis on mechanism and treatment of its poisoning). Hu-man and Experimental Toxicology, 42. https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271231192361
Reyes-Gordillo, K., Segovia, J., Shibayama, M., Vergara, P., Moreno, M. G., & Muriel, P. (2007). Curcu-min protects against acute liver damage in the rat by inhibiting NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines pro-duction and oxidative stress. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 1770(6), 989–996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.02.004
Rinandio, D. S., Helmanto, H., Zulkarnaen, R. N., Primananda, E., Hamidi, A., & Robiansyah, I. (2022). Endemic plants of Java Island, Indonesia: A dataset. Biodiversity Data Journal, 10. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e84303
Ronan O’Connell. (2024, May 2). UNESCO recognizes more than just historical sites—here are 5 pro-tected health customs. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/wellness-experiences-protected-unesco
Sáez-Plaza, P., Navas, M. J., Wybraniec, S., Michałowski, T., & Asuero, A. G. (2013). An overview of the kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. part ii. sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 43(4), 224–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787
Shaik, M. I., Hamdi, I. H., & Sarbon, N. M. (2023). A comprehensive review on traditional herbal drinks: Physicochemical, phytochemicals and pharmacology properties. In Food Chemistry Advances (Vol. 3). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100460
Soliman, G. A. (2019). Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051155
Son, Y. S., Arif Ullah, H. M., Elfadl, A. K., Chung, M. J., Ghim, S. G., Kim, Y. D., Lee, E. J., Kang, K. K., & Jeong, K. S. (2018). Preventive effects of Vitamin C on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in Smp30 knockout mice. In Vivo, 32(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11209
Souza, C. S., Daood, H. G., Duah, S. A., Vinogradov, S., Palotás, G., Neményi, A., Helyes, L., & Pék, Z. (2022). Stability of carotenoids, carotenoid esters, tocopherols and capsaicinoids in new chili pepper hybrids during natural and thermal drying. LWT, 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113520
Srikaeo, K., Sangkhiaw, J., & Likittrakulwong, W. (2019). Productions and Functional Properties of Palm Sugars. Agricultural Technology and Biological Sciences Walailak J Sci & Tech, 16(11), 897–907. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.5323
Sumarni, W., Sudarmin, S., & Sumarti, S. S. (2019). The scientification of jamu: A study of Indonesian’s traditional medicine. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1321(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/3/032057
Surya, R., Romulo, A., Nurkolis, F., & Kumalawati, D. A. (2023). Compositions and Health Benefits of Different Types of Jamu, Traditional Medicinal Drinks Popular in Indonesia. In J.-M. Mérillon, C. Riviere, & G. Lefèvre (Eds.), Natural Products in Beverages: Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Proces-sing (pp. 1–33). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04195-2_123-1
Swanson, C. A. (2003). Iron intake and regulation: Implications for iron deficiency and iron overload. Alcohol, 30(2), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-8329(03)00103-4
Tahir, A. H., Hussain, Z., Yousuf, H., Fazal, F., Tahir, M. A., & Kashif, M. (2022). Traditional Herbal Medi-cine and Its Clinical Relevance: A Need to Preserve the Past for the Future. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 10(07), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2022.107005
Tsuda, T. (2018). Curcumin as a functional food-derived factor: Degradation products, metabolites, bioactivity, and future perspectives. Food and Function, 9(2), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01242j
Unuofin, J. O., Masuku, N. P., Paimo, O. K., & Lebelo, S. L. (2021). Ginger from Farmyard to Town: Nutri-tional and Pharmacological Applications. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.779352
Utami, R., Kawiji, K., Praseptiangga, D., Manuhara, G. J., Khasanah, L. U., Anggraini, N., & Lestrai, F. M. (2016). Short Communication: Preservation effect of Javanese turmeric and red ginger essential oils on coated frozen patin fillets. Nusantara Bioscience, 8(2), 264–267. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n080220
Vibala, B. V., Praseetha, P. K., & Vijayakumar, S. (2020). Evaluating new strategies for anticancer mole-cules from ethnic medicinal plants through in silico and biological approach - A review. In Gene Reports (Vol. 18). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100553
Wang, M. E., Chen, Y. C., Chen, I. S., Hsieh, S. C., Chen, S. S., & Chiu, C. H. (2012). Curcumin protects against thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis by attenuating the inflammatory response and inducing apoptosis of damaged hepatocytes. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23(10), 1352–1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.08.004
Wijaya, S. H., Batubara, I., Nishioka, T., Altaf-Ul-Amin, M., & Kanaya, S. (2017). Metabolomic Studies of Indonesian Jamu Medicines: Prediction of Jamu Efficacy and Identification of Important Metabolites. Molecular Informatics, 36(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/minf.201700050
Yesilyurt, M. K., Cesur, C., Aslan, V., & Yilbasi, Z. (2020). The production of biodiesel from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil as a potential feedstock and its usage in compression ignition engine: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109574
Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., & Piao, G. (2016). The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559

Authors

Mohammad Arif Ali
hiarifalikhan@mail.unnes.ac.id (Primary Contact)
Dewi Marfu’ah Kurniawati
Etika Ratna Noer
Donny Wira Yudha Kusuma
Setya Rahayu
Gustiana Mega Anggita
Zahrah Zakiya Ahda
Ani Mazlina Dewi Mohamed
Phyo Min Zaw
Hendi Susanto
Azkia Agustina
Ali, M. A., Kurniawati, D. M., Noer, E. R., Kusuma, D. W. Y., Rahayu, S. ., Anggita, G. M. ., Ahda, Z. Z., Mohamed, A. M. D., Zaw, P. M., Susanto, H., & Agustina, A. (2025). Nutritional and Bioactive Profile of Gitumon: An Indonesian Traditional Herbal Beverage. The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 9(20), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.9.20.16-30

Article Details

Received 2024-12-02
Accepted 2025-05-15
Published 2025-07-07

Most read articles by the same author(s)