Anthropometric, dietary, and nutritional outcomes of vegetarian and vegan diets in childhood: A systematic review and recommendations for adequate nutrition

Abstract

Background: The adoption of plant-based diets, including vegetarian and vegan variations, is experiencing a notable increase among pediatric populations, driven by ethical, environmental, and health considerations. However, the appropriateness of these dietary patterns, particularly in relation to nutritional sufficiency, remains a subject of scholarly discourse.

Aims: This systematic review aims to synthesize the anthropometric, dietary, and nutritional implications of vegetarian and vegan diets in children and to provide evidence-based guidelines for ensuring nutritional adequacy while adhering to a vegetarian lifestyle.

Methods: A comprehensive literature retrieval was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, encompassing publications up to February 2024. Search terms included variations of "vegetarian" and "vegan" in conjunction with "infant," "child," "anthropometric," and "nutritional intake." Studies were selected based on their relevance to dietary intake, nutritional status, and health, while excluding investigations focused on macrobiotic dietary patterns.

Results: A total of 278 articles were initially identified, of which 38 underwent full-text review. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Anthropometric data indicated that vegetarian and vegan children generally exhibit similar growth patterns to their omnivorous peers, though some studies show slightly lower height and weight percentiles. Dietary intake analysis revealed a tendency for vegetarian diets to exhibit higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber but potentially lower intakes of calorie energy, protein, and critical micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and calcium. Despite some deficiencies, the availability of contemporary food products and nutritional supplements have contributed to improved nutrient availability.

Conclusion: While vegetarian  dietary patterns can support healthy growth and development in children, meticulous dietary planning is essential to avoid the risk of nutritional deficiencies. The availability of specialized vegetarian products and fortified foodstuffs has enhanced dietary outcomes. Sustained professional guidance from healthcare professionals is crucial for optimizing nutritional intake and ensuring that vegetarian diets meet the developmental requisites of children. Future research should persist in addressing knowledge gaps and refining dietary recommendations.

Keywords: Anthropometry, Child Nutrition, Dietary Intake, Nutritional Status, Vegetarian Diet, Veganism.