A Comparative Geochemical Profiling and Physicochemical Classification of Bottled Mineral Waters from Algeria and France: Implications for Consumer Health and Clinical Nutrition

Abstract

Background: As water is an indispensable physiological requirement, the bottled mineral water industry is undergoing continuous global expansion. Consequently, consumers are presented with an extensive array of commercial; thus, comparative analytical studies are crucial to ensure informed consumption and safeguard public health.

Aims: This study aimed to characterize and compare the physicochemical composition and geochemical profiles of a comprehensive selection of mineral water brands produced in Algeria and France. The objective was to enhance the characterization of hydro-geological resources in both countries and provide evidence-based guidance for consumer selection tailored to specific physiological and pathological requirements.

Material and Methods: Thirty-eight commercial mineral water brands (20 from Algeria and 18 from France) were evaluated based on standardized labeling data. The geochemical classification was performed via the Stabler diagram assessing key parameters including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH. Hydrochemical facies were further elucidated using ionic balance calculations and specialized graphical representations, including Piper, Schoeller–Berkaloff, and Stiff diagrams.

Results: Analytical data revealed that Algerian mineral waters are predominantly characterized by calcium-bicarbonate profiles, with fluctuating concentrations of magnesium and sulfates. Mineralization levels varied significantly, ranging from highly mineralized brands such as Mouzaïa (1280 mg/L) to more balanced profiles such as Texenna or Salsabil. Conversely, French mineral waters exhibited higher ionic heterogeneity and generally superior mineralization levels, exemplified by Vichy Célestine (3325 mg/L), along with a more acidic pH range (5.5 -7.6) compared to their Algerian counterparts. French waters typically manifested moderate to high concentrations of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate. Ionic balance assessment confirmed analytical reliability, with deviations consistently below 10%. Based on the physicochemical profiles, the 38 analyzed brands were categorized by clinical suitability: 10 were deemed appropriate for infants and patients with renal insufficiency, 9 for individuals with nephrolithiasis, 20 for those with cardiovascular disease, and 32 for the geriatric population.

Conclusions: This study establishes a robust geochemical database to assist consumers, including tourists and expatriates, in selecting mineral water brands aligned with their health status. These findings are particularly critical for vulnerable groups, such as infants, the elderly, and patients with renal or cardiovascular disorders, ensuring that water consumption supports rather than compromises therapeutic targets.

Keywords: Mineral Water; Hydrochemistry, Geochemical Profiling; Clinical Nutrition; Public Health, Algeria, France.