Immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties of a traditional Algerian plant combination: Date fruit <em>(Phoenix dactylifera)</em> and Fenugreek seeds <em>(Trigonella foenum-graecum)</em>
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Submitted
July 8, 2024
Published
December 5, 2024
Keywords:
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Phagocytic activity, Date fruit, Fenugreek seeds, GSH, Combination therapy
Abstract
Background: Combinatory therapy involving medicinal plants utilizes blends of different species to enhance therapeutic efficacy, increase potency, and minimize adverse effects. This approach leverages the synergistic interactions of plant-derived bioactive compounds, offering a natural and holistic strategy for addressing various health conditions.
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a traditional Algerian combination of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) and fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on phagocytic activity and hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels.
Materials and Methods: Phagocytic activity was measured using the carbon clearance rate test, while hepatic glutathione levels were determined spectrophotometrically from the liver homogenates.
Results: The results demonstrated that both phagocytic activity and GSH levels were significantly enhanced in animals treated with the plant combination (p < 0.001). The carbon clearance rate was significantly faster in mice receiving the combined treatment (FG “Fenugreek” / PD “Phoenix dactylifera”: 14.66 ± 4.143) compared to NaCl control group (49.77 ± 16.98). Additionally, the phagocytic index was significantly higher in the FG / PD group (7.128 ± 0.823) compared to groups treated with either fenugreek alone (FG: 4.082 ± 0.306) or date fruit alone (PD: 4.87 ± 0.608). Hepatic GSH levels were also significantly elevated in the FG / PD group compared to the other groups (p = 0.040).
Conclusions: The combination of date fruit and fenugreek seeds exhibits a synergic effect, enhancing immune system activity and antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest its potential for the development of novel, naturally derived therapeutic agents.
Keywords: Phagocytic activity, date fruit, fenugreek seeds, GSH, combination therapy.
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References
Abdelghffar, E. A., Obaid, W. A., Mohammedsaleh, Z. M., Ouchari, W., Eldahshan, O. A., & Sobeh, M. (2022). Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) attenuate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via augmenting Nrf2, modulating NADPH oxidase-4 and mitigating inflammatory/apoptotic mediators. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 156(113836), 113836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113836
Alanazi, H. H., Elasbali, A. M., Alanazi, M. K., & El Azab, E. F. (2023). Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(24), 8045. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248045
Alkahtani, J., Elshikh, M. S., Dwiningsih, Y., Ahalliya Rathi, M., Sathya, R., & Vijayaraghavan, P. (2022). In-vitro antidepressant property of methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri. Journal of King Saud University. Science, 34(8), 102299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102299
Alkhoori, M. A., Shen-Yee Kong, A., Aljaafari, M. N., Abushelaib, A., Erin Lim, S. H., Cheng, W. H., & Lai, K. S. (2022). Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seeds: A Review. Biomolecules, 12(1626). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12111626
Almatroodi, S. A., Almatroudi, A., Alsahli, M. A., & Rahmani, A. H. (2021). Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its active compounds: A Review of its effects on human health through modulating biological activities. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.103
Al-Mssallem, M. Q., Alqurashi, R. M., & Al-Khayri, J. M. (2020). Bioactive Compounds of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In Reference Series in Phytochemistry (pp. 91–105). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06120-3_6-1
Bendiab, H. C., Djebli, N., Kara, Y., Uçar, M., & Kolayli, S. (2021). An investigation of Algerian dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.); Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and phenolic compositons H. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 629. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i8.2737
Bentrad, N., & Hamida-Ferhat, A. (2020). Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Nutritional values and potential benefits on health. In The Mediterranean Diet (pp. 239–255). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818649-7.00022-9
Bouhlali, E. D. T., Derouich, M., Hmidani, A., Bourkhis, B., Khouya, T., Filali-Zegzouti, Y., & Alem, C. (2021). Protective Effect of Phoenix dactylifera L. Seeds against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Comparison with Vitamin C. The Scientific World Journal, 2021, 6618273. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618273
Chergui, D., Akretche-Kelfat, S., Lamoudi, L., Al-Rshaidat, M., Boudjelal, F., & Ait-Amar, H. (2021). Optimization of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger using two downgraded Algerian date varieties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(12), 7134–7141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.013)
Choe, H., Yun, I., & Kim, Y. (2022). Effect of herbal extracts and supplements mixture on alcohol metabolism in Sprague Dawley-rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(12), 4915–4923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05580-4
Dhull, S. B., Bamal, P., & Kumar, M. (2022). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) gum: A functional ingredient with promising properties and applications in food and pharmaceuticals-A review. Legume Science, 5(176), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.176
Dillasamola, D., Aldi, Y., & Fakhri, M. (2018). Immunomodulatory effect test from moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.) with carbon clearance method in male white mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(9), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26703
Donkor, M. N., Donkor, A. M., & Mosobil, R. (2023). Combination therapy: synergism among three plant extracts against selected pathogens. BMC Research Notes, 16(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-023-06354-7
Essa, M. M., Akbar, M., & Khan, M. A. S. (2016). Beneficial effects of date palm fruits on neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regeneration Research, 11(7), 1071–1072. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.187032
Ezeh, G. C., Udeh, N. E., Ozioko, C. A., Onoja, S. O., Eze, R. E., Omeh, Y. N., … Anaga, A. O. (2021). Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on Wistar rats. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 13(2), 10939. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb13210939
Golubkova, A., Leiva, T., Snyder, K., Schlegel, C., Bonvicino. S. M., Agbaga, M-P., Brush, R. S., Hansen, J. M., Vitiello, P. F., & Hunter, C. J. (2023). Response of the Glutathione (GSH) Antioxidant Defense System to Oxidative Injury in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Antioxidants, 12(1385), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071385
Guo, H., Chen, J., Yuan, X., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Yao, J., & Ge, H. (2023). The combined effect of a novel formula of herbal extracts on bacterial infection and immune response in Micropterus salmoides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1185234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185234
Haenen, G.R.M.M, & Bast, A. (2014). Glutathione revisited: a better scavenger than previously thought. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 5, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00260
Harkat, H., Bousba, R., Benincasa, C., Atrouz, K., Gültekin-Özgüven, M., Altunta, Ü., Demircan, E., Zahran, H. A., & Özçelik, B. (2022). Assessment of biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil. Plants, 11(381). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030381
Messaoudi, A., Dekmouche, M., Rahmani, Z., & Bensaci, C. (2021). Phenolic profile, Antioxidant potential of date (Phoenix dactylifera Var. Degla Baidha and Deglet-Nour) seeds from Debila region (Oued Souf, Algeria). Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, 14(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4150.2021.00006.7
Nalbantova, V., Benbassat, N., & Delattre, C. (2023). Comparative study of the chemical composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. essential oil. Pharmacia, 70(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e98413
Nikiema, W. A., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, W. P., Fofana, S., Ouédraogo, B. H. A., Delma, T. E., Amadé, B., Abdoulaye, G. M., Sawadogo, A. S., Ouédraogo, R., & Semde, R. (2024). Systematic review of chemical compounds with immunomodulatory action isolated from African medicinal plants. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 29(9), 2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092010
Nunes, C. D. R., Barreto Arantes, M., Menezes de Faria Pereira, S., Leandro da Cruz, L., de Souza Passos, M., Pereira de Moraes, L., Vieira, I. J. C., & Barros de Oliveira, D. (2020). Plants as sources of anti-inflammatory agents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(16), 3726. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163726
Nwozo, O. S., Effiong, E. M., Aja, P. M., & Awuchi, C. G. (2023). Antioxidant, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Food Properties, 26(1), 359–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2157425
Oluyele, O., Oladunmoye, M. K., & Ogundare A. O. (2022). Toxicity Studies on Essential Oil from Phoenix dactylifera (L.) Seed in Wistar Rats. Biologics, 2, 69–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics2010006
Oriade, T. O., Alao, O. S., & Afolayan, F. I. D. (2021). Immunostimulatory Effect of Phoenix Dactylifera Supplemented Diet on Aeromonas hydrophila Infected Clarias gariepinus. Pan African Journal of Life Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202/50.0160
Osman, K. M., Kamal, O. E., Deif, H. N., & Ahmed, M. M. (2020). Phoenix dactylifera, mentha piperita and montanideTM ISA-201 as immunological adjuvants in a chicken model. Acta Tropica, 202(105281), 105281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105281
Pisoschi, A. M., Pop, A., Iordache, F., Stanca, L., Predoi, G., & Serban, A. I. (2021). Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 209, 112891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891
Salmerón-Manzano, E., Garrido-Cardenas, J. A., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103376
Sharma, S., Mishra, V., & Srivastava, N. (2020). Protective effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum against diabetes induced oxidative DNA damage in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 57, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijbb.v57i1.31772
Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M. H., & Cheng, Q. (2021). Fenugreek cultivation with emphasis on historical aspects and its uses in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(6), 724–730. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666201127104907
Visuvanathan, T., Than, L. T. L., Stanslas, J., Chew, S. Y., & Vellasamy, S. (2022). Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities. Plants, 11(11), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111450
Vuolo, M. M., da Silva-Maia, J. K., & Batista, Â. G. (2022). The GSH colorimetric method as measurement of antioxidant status in serum and rodent tissues. In Methods and Protocols in Food Science (pp. 187–194). New York, NY: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2345-9_12
Xiong, Y., Xiao, C., Li, Z., & Yang, X. (2021). Engineering nanomedicine for glutathione depletion-augmented cancer therapy. Chemical Society Reviews, 50(10), 6013–6041. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00718h
Yao, D., Zhang, B., Zhu, J., Zhang, Q., Hu, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Cao, H., & Xiao, J. (2020). Advances on application of fenugreek seeds as functional foods: Pharmacology, clinical application, products, patents and market. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(14), 2342–2352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1635567
Zahiruddin, S., Parveen, A., Khan, W., Ibrahim, M., Want, M. Y., Parveen, R., & Ahmad, S. (2022). Metabolomic Profiling and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Polyherbal Combination in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.647244
Zhang, H., Xiao, F., Li, J., Han, R., Li, G., Wan, Z., Shao, S., Zhao, D., & Yan, M. (2023). Immunomodulatory activity of semen Ziziphi Spinosae protein: a potential plant protein functional food raw material. Npj Science of Food, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00204-3
Alanazi, H. H., Elasbali, A. M., Alanazi, M. K., & El Azab, E. F. (2023). Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(24), 8045. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248045
Alkahtani, J., Elshikh, M. S., Dwiningsih, Y., Ahalliya Rathi, M., Sathya, R., & Vijayaraghavan, P. (2022). In-vitro antidepressant property of methanol extract of Bacopa monnieri. Journal of King Saud University. Science, 34(8), 102299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102299
Alkhoori, M. A., Shen-Yee Kong, A., Aljaafari, M. N., Abushelaib, A., Erin Lim, S. H., Cheng, W. H., & Lai, K. S. (2022). Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seeds: A Review. Biomolecules, 12(1626). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12111626
Almatroodi, S. A., Almatroudi, A., Alsahli, M. A., & Rahmani, A. H. (2021). Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its active compounds: A Review of its effects on human health through modulating biological activities. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.103
Al-Mssallem, M. Q., Alqurashi, R. M., & Al-Khayri, J. M. (2020). Bioactive Compounds of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). In Reference Series in Phytochemistry (pp. 91–105). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06120-3_6-1
Bendiab, H. C., Djebli, N., Kara, Y., Uçar, M., & Kolayli, S. (2021). An investigation of Algerian dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.); Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and phenolic compositons H. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 629. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i8.2737
Bentrad, N., & Hamida-Ferhat, A. (2020). Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Nutritional values and potential benefits on health. In The Mediterranean Diet (pp. 239–255). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818649-7.00022-9
Bouhlali, E. D. T., Derouich, M., Hmidani, A., Bourkhis, B., Khouya, T., Filali-Zegzouti, Y., & Alem, C. (2021). Protective Effect of Phoenix dactylifera L. Seeds against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Comparison with Vitamin C. The Scientific World Journal, 2021, 6618273. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6618273
Chergui, D., Akretche-Kelfat, S., Lamoudi, L., Al-Rshaidat, M., Boudjelal, F., & Ait-Amar, H. (2021). Optimization of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger using two downgraded Algerian date varieties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(12), 7134–7141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.013)
Choe, H., Yun, I., & Kim, Y. (2022). Effect of herbal extracts and supplements mixture on alcohol metabolism in Sprague Dawley-rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(12), 4915–4923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05580-4
Dhull, S. B., Bamal, P., & Kumar, M. (2022). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) gum: A functional ingredient with promising properties and applications in food and pharmaceuticals-A review. Legume Science, 5(176), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.176
Dillasamola, D., Aldi, Y., & Fakhri, M. (2018). Immunomodulatory effect test from moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.) with carbon clearance method in male white mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(9), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26703
Donkor, M. N., Donkor, A. M., & Mosobil, R. (2023). Combination therapy: synergism among three plant extracts against selected pathogens. BMC Research Notes, 16(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-023-06354-7
Essa, M. M., Akbar, M., & Khan, M. A. S. (2016). Beneficial effects of date palm fruits on neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regeneration Research, 11(7), 1071–1072. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.187032
Ezeh, G. C., Udeh, N. E., Ozioko, C. A., Onoja, S. O., Eze, R. E., Omeh, Y. N., … Anaga, A. O. (2021). Acute and sub-acute toxicity profile of methanol extract of Hura crepitans leaf on Wistar rats. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 13(2), 10939. https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb13210939
Golubkova, A., Leiva, T., Snyder, K., Schlegel, C., Bonvicino. S. M., Agbaga, M-P., Brush, R. S., Hansen, J. M., Vitiello, P. F., & Hunter, C. J. (2023). Response of the Glutathione (GSH) Antioxidant Defense System to Oxidative Injury in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Antioxidants, 12(1385), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071385
Guo, H., Chen, J., Yuan, X., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Yao, J., & Ge, H. (2023). The combined effect of a novel formula of herbal extracts on bacterial infection and immune response in Micropterus salmoides. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1185234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185234
Haenen, G.R.M.M, & Bast, A. (2014). Glutathione revisited: a better scavenger than previously thought. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 5, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00260
Harkat, H., Bousba, R., Benincasa, C., Atrouz, K., Gültekin-Özgüven, M., Altunta, Ü., Demircan, E., Zahran, H. A., & Özçelik, B. (2022). Assessment of biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil. Plants, 11(381). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030381
Messaoudi, A., Dekmouche, M., Rahmani, Z., & Bensaci, C. (2021). Phenolic profile, Antioxidant potential of date (Phoenix dactylifera Var. Degla Baidha and Deglet-Nour) seeds from Debila region (Oued Souf, Algeria). Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, 14(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4150.2021.00006.7
Nalbantova, V., Benbassat, N., & Delattre, C. (2023). Comparative study of the chemical composition of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. essential oil. Pharmacia, 70(1), 85–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e98413
Nikiema, W. A., Ouédraogo, M., Ouédraogo, W. P., Fofana, S., Ouédraogo, B. H. A., Delma, T. E., Amadé, B., Abdoulaye, G. M., Sawadogo, A. S., Ouédraogo, R., & Semde, R. (2024). Systematic review of chemical compounds with immunomodulatory action isolated from African medicinal plants. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 29(9), 2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092010
Nunes, C. D. R., Barreto Arantes, M., Menezes de Faria Pereira, S., Leandro da Cruz, L., de Souza Passos, M., Pereira de Moraes, L., Vieira, I. J. C., & Barros de Oliveira, D. (2020). Plants as sources of anti-inflammatory agents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(16), 3726. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163726
Nwozo, O. S., Effiong, E. M., Aja, P. M., & Awuchi, C. G. (2023). Antioxidant, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants: a review. International Journal of Food Properties, 26(1), 359–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2157425
Oluyele, O., Oladunmoye, M. K., & Ogundare A. O. (2022). Toxicity Studies on Essential Oil from Phoenix dactylifera (L.) Seed in Wistar Rats. Biologics, 2, 69–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics2010006
Oriade, T. O., Alao, O. S., & Afolayan, F. I. D. (2021). Immunostimulatory Effect of Phoenix Dactylifera Supplemented Diet on Aeromonas hydrophila Infected Clarias gariepinus. Pan African Journal of Life Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202/50.0160
Osman, K. M., Kamal, O. E., Deif, H. N., & Ahmed, M. M. (2020). Phoenix dactylifera, mentha piperita and montanideTM ISA-201 as immunological adjuvants in a chicken model. Acta Tropica, 202(105281), 105281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105281
Pisoschi, A. M., Pop, A., Iordache, F., Stanca, L., Predoi, G., & Serban, A. I. (2021). Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 209, 112891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891
Salmerón-Manzano, E., Garrido-Cardenas, J. A., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2020). Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103376
Sharma, S., Mishra, V., & Srivastava, N. (2020). Protective effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum against diabetes induced oxidative DNA damage in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 57, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijbb.v57i1.31772
Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M. H., & Cheng, Q. (2021). Fenugreek cultivation with emphasis on historical aspects and its uses in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(6), 724–730. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666201127104907
Visuvanathan, T., Than, L. T. L., Stanslas, J., Chew, S. Y., & Vellasamy, S. (2022). Revisiting Trigonella foenum-graecum L.: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potentialities. Plants, 11(11), 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111450
Vuolo, M. M., da Silva-Maia, J. K., & Batista, Â. G. (2022). The GSH colorimetric method as measurement of antioxidant status in serum and rodent tissues. In Methods and Protocols in Food Science (pp. 187–194). New York, NY: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2345-9_12
Xiong, Y., Xiao, C., Li, Z., & Yang, X. (2021). Engineering nanomedicine for glutathione depletion-augmented cancer therapy. Chemical Society Reviews, 50(10), 6013–6041. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00718h
Yao, D., Zhang, B., Zhu, J., Zhang, Q., Hu, Y., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Cao, H., & Xiao, J. (2020). Advances on application of fenugreek seeds as functional foods: Pharmacology, clinical application, products, patents and market. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(14), 2342–2352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1635567
Zahiruddin, S., Parveen, A., Khan, W., Ibrahim, M., Want, M. Y., Parveen, R., & Ahmad, S. (2022). Metabolomic Profiling and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Polyherbal Combination in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.647244
Zhang, H., Xiao, F., Li, J., Han, R., Li, G., Wan, Z., Shao, S., Zhao, D., & Yan, M. (2023). Immunomodulatory activity of semen Ziziphi Spinosae protein: a potential plant protein functional food raw material. Npj Science of Food, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00204-3
Authors
Kehili, H. E., & Zerizer, S. (2024). Immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties of a traditional Algerian plant combination: Date fruit <em>(Phoenix dactylifera)</em> and Fenugreek seeds <em>(Trigonella foenum-graecum)</em> . The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 8(18), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.8.18.253-261
Copyright (c) 2024 Houssem Eddine Kehili, Sakina Zerizer
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