Assessment of energy and nutrient intake adequacy and dietary diversity of pregnant women in Abidjan
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April 5, 2024
Published
September 28, 2024
Abstract
Background: Dietary diversity is a potential indicator of adequate nutrient intake.
Aims: The study assessed dietary diversity and adequacy of nutrient intake among pregnant women in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire).
Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 389 healthy pregnant adult women aged 20 to 43. Participants completed a three-day, 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and dietary data were converted into nutrient amounts using Nutrisurvey software. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was based on nine food groups aggregated from a 15-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was assessed using the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) serving as an overall indicator of diet quality. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: The mean DDS among pregnant women was low at 4.30 ± 1.04, with diet primarily consisting of cereals, white tubers, roots, vegetables and fish. The average energy intake of pregnant women was 2429 kcal/day for over 60 % of participants. While the majority met the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamin B12. However, intakes of calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, folates and vitamin C were below the RDAs for most pregnant women. The average MAR for pregnant women was 70.86% and exhibited a positive correlation with DDS (r = 0.37; p < 0.001). NAR for energy and other nutrients was positively correlated with DDS, except for vitamins B12 and C.
Conclusions: Pregnant women with adequate nutrient intakes consumed a diverse range of foods. Dietary diversity can therefore provide be a reliable indicator of nutrient adequacy in the diets of pregnant women in Abidjan’s hospital.
Keywords: Dietary diversity, nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy ratio, pregnant women, Côte d'Ivoire.
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References
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Kamau-Mbuthia, E., & Elmadfa, I. (2007). Diet quality of pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Nakuru, Kenya. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 51(4), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107674 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Kennedy, G. L., Fanou-Fogny, N. M. L., Seghieri, C., & Brouwer, I. D. (2009). Dietary diversity as a measure of the micronutrient adequacy of women’s diets: results from Bamako, Mali Site. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project, FHI 360.
Kesa, H., & Oldewage-Theron, W. (2005). Anthropometric indications and nutritional intake of women in the vaal triangle, South Africa. Public Health, 119(4), 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.08.010 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Kiboi, W., Kimiywe, J., & Chege, P. (2017). Determinants of dietary diversity among pregnant women in Laikipia County, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-017-0126-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Kouassi, B., N’Goran, P., Tapé, C., Anon, B., Foto, M., Assi, Y., Daouda, S., & Gbané M. (2013). Enquête sur la vulnérabilité alimentaire en milieu urbain: Cas de la ville d’Abidjan. Rapport final du Ministère de l’agriculture et du Ministère de la santé et de la lutte contre le SIDA (Côte d’Ivoire), 57p.
Labadarios, D., Steyn, N. P., & Nel, J. (2011). How diverse is the diet of adult south Africans? Nutrition Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-33 [Crossref] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Lee, S. E., Talegawkar, S. A., Merialdi, M., & Caulfield, L. E. (2012). Dietary intakes of women during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries. Public Health Nutrition, 16(8), 1340-1353. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004417 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mirmiran, P., Azadbakht, L., & Azizi, F. (2006). Dietary diversity within food groups: An indicator of specific nutrient adequacy in Tehranian women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(4), 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719546 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mostert, D., & Steyn, N. (2005). Dietary intake of pregnant women and their infants in a poor Black South African community. Curationis, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v28i4.1002 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mousa, A., Naqash, A., & Lim, S. (2019). Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: An overview of recent evidence. Nutrients, 11(2), 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020443 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Napier, C., Warriner, K., Sibiya, M. N., & Reddy, P. (2019). Nutritional status and dietary diversity of pregnant women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid 24(0), a1114. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1114 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Nguyen, P. H., Huybregts, L., Sanghvi, T. G., Tran, L. M., Frongillo, E. A., Menon, P., & Ruel, M. T. (2018). Dietary diversity predicts the adequacy of micronutrient intake in pregnant adolescent girls and women in Bangladesh, but use of the 5-Group cutoff poorly identifies individuals with inadequate intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 148(5), 790-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy045 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Oguntona, C. R., & Akinyele, I. O. (2002). Food and nutrient intakes by pregnant Nigerian adolescents during the third trimester. Nutrition, 18(7-8), 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00747-5 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Rathnayake, K. M., Madushani, P., & Silva, K. (2012). Use of dietary diversity score as a proxy indicator of nutrient adequacy of rural elderly people in Sri Lanka. BMC Research Notes, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-469 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Saunders, C. M., Rehbinder, E. M., Carlsen, K. C., Gudbrandsgard, M., Carlsen, K., Haugen, G., Hedlin, G., Jonassen, C. M., Sjøborg, K. D., Landrø, L., Nordlund, B., Rudi, K., O.Skjerven, H., Söderhäll, C., Staff, A. C., Vettukattil, R., & Carlsen, M. H. (2019). Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: A nordic mother–child population-based cohort. Food & Nutrition Research, 63. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.3676 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Sultana, M., Hasan, T., & Shaheen, N. (2019). Energy and nutrient intake and dietary diversity among female residential students of Bangladesh. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 7(1), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.1.24 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Torheim, L. E., Ouattara, F., Diarra, M. M., Thiam, F. D., Barikmo, I., Hatløy, A., & Oshaug, A. (2004). Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: Association and determinants. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(4), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601853 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Torheim, L. E., Ferguson, E. L., Penrose, K., & Arimond, M. (2010). Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(11), 2051S-2058S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.123463 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Touati-Mecheri, D., Agli, A., & Potier De Courcy, G. (2007). Apports nutritionnels d’une population de femmes enceintes de Constantine (Algérie). Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, 42(5), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-9960(07)73936-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Yeneabat, T., Adugna, H., Asmamaw, T., Wubetu, M., Admas, M., Hailu, G., Bedaso, A., & Amare, T. (2019). Maternal dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy during pregnancy and related factors in east Gojjam zone, northwest Ethiopia, 2016. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2299-2 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Allen, L., de Benoist, B., Dary, O., & Hurrell, R. (2011). Directives sur l’enrichissement des aliments en micronutriments. Ed. Lindsay Allen: London, 134. Available at https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44585/9789242594010_fre.pdf?sequence=1 [Publisher]
Aparicio, E., Jardí, C., Bedmar, C., Pallejà, M., Basora, J., & Arija, V. (2020). Nutrient intake during pregnancy and post-partum: Eclipses study. Nutrients, 12(5), 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051325 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Arimond, M., Wiesmann, D., Becquey, E., Carriquiry, A., Daniels, M. C., Deitchler, M., Fanou-Fogny, N., Joseph, M. L., Kennedy, G., Martin-Prevel, Y., & Torheim, L. E. (2010). Simple food group diversity indicators predict micronutrient adequacy of women’s diets in 5 diverse, resource-poor settings. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(11), 2059S-2069S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.123414 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Asayehu, T. T., Lachat, C., Henauw, S. D., & Gebreyesus, S. H. (2016). Dietary behaviour, food and nutrient intake of women do not change during pregnancy in Southern Ethiopia. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(2), e12343. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12343 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Ayensu, J., Annan, R., Lutterodt, H., Edusei, A., & Peng, L. S. (2020). Prevalence of anaemia and low intake of dietary nutrients in pregnant women living in rural and urban areas in the ashanti region of Ghana. PLOS ONE, 15(1), e0226026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226026 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B. A., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S. S., Sachdev, H., & Shekar, M. (2008). What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. The Lancet, 371(9610), 417-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61693-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Denguezli, W., Faleh, R., Hajjaji, A., Saidani, Z., Letaief, M., Haddad, A., Laajili, H., & Sakouhi, M. (2007). Alimentation maternelle et poids fœtal: Role des oligoéléments et vitamines. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 36(5), 473-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.03.006 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Dubois, L., Diasparra, M., Bédard, B., Colapinto, C. K., Fontaine-Bisson, B., Morisset, A., Tremblay, R. E., & Fraser, W. D. (2017). Adequacy of nutritional intake from food and supplements in a cohort of pregnant women in Quebec, Canada: The 3D cohort study (Design, develop, discover). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106(2), 541-548. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155499 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Gina Kennedy, T. B. and M. D., & Division, N. (2011). Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. FAO ; https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i1983e [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004905.pub5 [Crossref] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Hatløy, A., Torheim, L., & Oshaug, A. (1998). Food variety—a good indicator of nutritional adequacy of the diet? A case study from an urban area in Mali, West Africa. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(12), 891-898. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600662 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Hjertholm, K. G., Holmboe-Ottesen, G., Iversen, P. O., Mdala, I., Munthali, A., Maleta, K., Shi, Z., Ferguson, E., & Kamudoni, P. (2019). Seasonality in associations between dietary diversity scores and nutrient adequacy ratios among pregnant women in rural Malawi – a cross-sectional study. Food & Nutrition Research, 63(0). https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.2712 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Horton, S., Shekar, M., McDonald, C., Mahal, A., & Krystene, B. J. (2010). Scaling Up Nutrition: What Will it Cost? Directions in Development; human development. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2685 [Publisher]
Huybregts, L. F., Roberfroid, D. A., Kolsteren, P. W., & Van Camp, J. H. (2009). Dietary behaviour, food and nutrient intake of pregnant women in a rural community in Burkina Faso. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 5(3), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00180.x [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Institute of Medicine. (1990). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.17226/1451 [Crossref] [Publisher]
Kamau-Mbuthia, E., & Elmadfa, I. (2007). Diet quality of pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Nakuru, Kenya. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 51(4), 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1159/000107674 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Kennedy, G. L., Fanou-Fogny, N. M. L., Seghieri, C., & Brouwer, I. D. (2009). Dietary diversity as a measure of the micronutrient adequacy of women’s diets: results from Bamako, Mali Site. Washington, DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project, FHI 360.
Kesa, H., & Oldewage-Theron, W. (2005). Anthropometric indications and nutritional intake of women in the vaal triangle, South Africa. Public Health, 119(4), 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2004.08.010 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Kiboi, W., Kimiywe, J., & Chege, P. (2017). Determinants of dietary diversity among pregnant women in Laikipia County, Kenya: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-017-0126-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Kouassi, B., N’Goran, P., Tapé, C., Anon, B., Foto, M., Assi, Y., Daouda, S., & Gbané M. (2013). Enquête sur la vulnérabilité alimentaire en milieu urbain: Cas de la ville d’Abidjan. Rapport final du Ministère de l’agriculture et du Ministère de la santé et de la lutte contre le SIDA (Côte d’Ivoire), 57p.
Labadarios, D., Steyn, N. P., & Nel, J. (2011). How diverse is the diet of adult south Africans? Nutrition Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-33 [Crossref] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Lee, S. E., Talegawkar, S. A., Merialdi, M., & Caulfield, L. E. (2012). Dietary intakes of women during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries. Public Health Nutrition, 16(8), 1340-1353. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004417 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mirmiran, P., Azadbakht, L., & Azizi, F. (2006). Dietary diversity within food groups: An indicator of specific nutrient adequacy in Tehranian women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 25(4), 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2006.10719546 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mostert, D., & Steyn, N. (2005). Dietary intake of pregnant women and their infants in a poor Black South African community. Curationis, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v28i4.1002 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Mousa, A., Naqash, A., & Lim, S. (2019). Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: An overview of recent evidence. Nutrients, 11(2), 443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020443 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Napier, C., Warriner, K., Sibiya, M. N., & Reddy, P. (2019). Nutritional status and dietary diversity of pregnant women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid 24(0), a1114. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1114 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Nguyen, P. H., Huybregts, L., Sanghvi, T. G., Tran, L. M., Frongillo, E. A., Menon, P., & Ruel, M. T. (2018). Dietary diversity predicts the adequacy of micronutrient intake in pregnant adolescent girls and women in Bangladesh, but use of the 5-Group cutoff poorly identifies individuals with inadequate intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 148(5), 790-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy045 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Oguntona, C. R., & Akinyele, I. O. (2002). Food and nutrient intakes by pregnant Nigerian adolescents during the third trimester. Nutrition, 18(7-8), 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00747-5 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Rathnayake, K. M., Madushani, P., & Silva, K. (2012). Use of dietary diversity score as a proxy indicator of nutrient adequacy of rural elderly people in Sri Lanka. BMC Research Notes, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-469 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Saunders, C. M., Rehbinder, E. M., Carlsen, K. C., Gudbrandsgard, M., Carlsen, K., Haugen, G., Hedlin, G., Jonassen, C. M., Sjøborg, K. D., Landrø, L., Nordlund, B., Rudi, K., O.Skjerven, H., Söderhäll, C., Staff, A. C., Vettukattil, R., & Carlsen, M. H. (2019). Food and nutrient intake and adherence to dietary recommendations during pregnancy: A nordic mother–child population-based cohort. Food & Nutrition Research, 63. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.3676 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Sultana, M., Hasan, T., & Shaheen, N. (2019). Energy and nutrient intake and dietary diversity among female residential students of Bangladesh. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 7(1), 244-252. https://doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.1.24 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Torheim, L. E., Ouattara, F., Diarra, M. M., Thiam, F. D., Barikmo, I., Hatløy, A., & Oshaug, A. (2004). Nutrient adequacy and dietary diversity in rural Mali: Association and determinants. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(4), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601853 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Torheim, L. E., Ferguson, E. L., Penrose, K., & Arimond, M. (2010). Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(11), 2051S-2058S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.123463 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Touati-Mecheri, D., Agli, A., & Potier De Courcy, G. (2007). Apports nutritionnels d’une population de femmes enceintes de Constantine (Algérie). Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique, 42(5), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0007-9960(07)73936-6 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [Publisher]
Yeneabat, T., Adugna, H., Asmamaw, T., Wubetu, M., Admas, M., Hailu, G., Bedaso, A., & Amare, T. (2019). Maternal dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy during pregnancy and related factors in east Gojjam zone, northwest Ethiopia, 2016. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2299-2 [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Publisher]
Authors
Vanie, S. C., Kouassi, K. N., Dakia, P. A. ., & Gbogouri, G. A. . (2024). Assessment of energy and nutrient intake adequacy and dietary diversity of pregnant women in Abidjan. The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 8(18), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.8.18.80-88
Copyright (c) 2024 Vanie Stephane Claver, Kouakou Nestor Kouassi, Patrick Aubin Dakia, Grodji Albarin Gbogouri
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